NicaNotes: Guest Post: Nicaragua Signs Paris Climate Agreement

Nincanotes : A blog about nicaragua by solidarity activists

Guest Post by By John Perry


This article was first published in the London Review of Books blog on Oct. 3, 2017 and is reprinted with permission of the author. Nicaragua signed the Paris Agreement on Oct. 23, 2017.


While Donald Trump gives the appearance of wavering over his decision to pull the US out of the Paris Climate Agreement, Nicaragua has decided to sign it. It was one of only two countries not to sign in Paris last year; the other was Syria. Nicaragua abstained out of principle: the agreement didn’t go far enough. The target – to keep the average global temperature no more than 2ºC above pre-industrial levels – was insufficient, and in any case unlikely to be met. An unfair burden was being put on developing nations and not enough money was being promised to help them build low carbon economies.I met Nicaragua’s climate change negotiator, Paul Oquist, in June, a few days after Trump announced his decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. I suggested it would be an excellent moment for Nicaragua to change its mind, though claim no credit for the subsequent decision; I can’t have been the only one to think so.

When Daniel Ortega returned to power in 2007 after 16 years of neoliberal governments, most of Nicaragua’s electricity was produced by burning oil. Shortages led to daily blackouts. Nicaragua was the poorest country in Central America but had the highest electricity prices. Ten years later, blackouts are much less frequent, prices have stabilized and more than half the electricity comes from renewable sources, with a realistic aim of reaching 90 per cent by 2020. Costa Rica has already exceeded that target, but three-quarters is via hydroelectricity, which may be vulnerable as climate change speeds up. Nicaragua’s energy matrix is more balanced, using wind, geothermal, solar and biomass alongside hydro.

Latin America has plentiful renewable sources for electricity generation; the next challenge in reducing emissions will be transport. Even in the bigger cities, public transport is often inadequate and unattractive to the growing numbers who can afford cars. Weaning people off petrol or diesel cars and onto public transport means a major change in mindset for an elite whose point of reference is Miami. In a continent where railways have fallen into disuse and only the poor take buses, infrastructure investment currently means building more roads.

Latin America is a major supplier of ‘ecosystem services’, principally the huge tropical forests that absorb carbon. North of the Amazon, Nicaragua has the biggest area of tropical forest in the hemisphere, but it is under constant threat from settlement, especially for cattle ranching. Ortega has granted a Chinese company the rights to build an inter-oceanic canal, rivalling Panama, on the grounds that it’s the only way to conserve the rainforest. The income from the canal, he argues, combined with the need to guarantee its water sources, will enable Nicaragua to defend the remaining forests and replant the areas now given over to cattle. The canal company, which has yet to start digging, has just announced a big tree-planting scheme.

Nicaragua has suffered several years of limited rainy seasons; the prognosis is for the droughts to get worse. Coffee production and other crops are threatened by rising temperatures. Yet the country generates only 0.03 per cent of global carbon emissions, a paltry 0.8 metric tons per head annually. Costa Rica produces twice that amount per head, the UK eight times and the US twenty times. If developed countries (the US excepted) are serious about the Paris Agreement, they’ll put money into helping poor countries achieve higher living standards without raising emissions. Even the IMF thinks they should do this. But Nicaragua’s skepticism about the likelihood of it happening is more than justified, even if, as an ‘act of solidarity’ with the poorest and most vulnerable nations, it goes ahead and signs.


BRIEFS

  • President Daniel Ortega acknowledged the valuable cooperation of Taiwan and US Major League Baseball, during opening remarks at the inauguration of the Denis Martinez National Baseball Stadium in Managua last Thursday. “The people of Taiwan donated US$30 million to make this dream come true and US experts ensured that the stadium meets the highest international quality standards,” Ortega said. The dedication was a far cry from the dedication of its predecessor in 1948 by the Dictator Anastasio Somoza. When Somoza threw the switch to light up the stadium, the electricity in most of Central America went out! Since the return of the Sandinistas to government in 2007 Nicaragua is on the way to full electrification, greatly increased production which will soon achieve 80% generation from renewable energy sources. Rolling blackouts which were an everyday occurrence in 2006, are now a thing of the past. For example, in the past week electrical substations have been inaugurated in the northern rural department of Nueva Segovia which will serve 62,000 people, in Leon that will serve 26,000 people, in Chinandega that will serve 43,000 people, and two new substations in Jinotega serving over 130,000 people. (Nicaragua News, Oct. 17, 19, 20; Informe Pastran, Oct. 20)
  • The Communications Officer of the Organization of American States (OAS) in Managua, Clara González, announced that this week that the mobile team of the Electoral Accompaniment Mission visited seven departments in Nicaragua. She noted that the team met with representatives of all political parties participating in the Nov. 5 municipal elections, as well as with magistrates of the Supreme Electoral Council. (Nicaragua News, Oct. 19)
  • An M&R poll found that President Daniel Ortega has 80% popular support among the Nicaraguan people. Eighty-one-point five percent (81.5%) of respondents said the situation in Nicaragua has improved during the last 6 years and 79.1% believe that President Ortega promotes unity and reconciliation in the country. The survey was carried out between Sept. 28-Oct. 11 this year and is based on interviews with 1,600 individuals nationwide. (Nicaragua News, Oct. 19)
  • The Ortega administration presented to the National Assembly its proposal for the 2018 General Budget of the Republic. The budget includes US$1.6 billion for social spending, representing an increase of 9.1% over the budget of the previous year.(Nicaragua News, Oct. 18)
  • Several international airlines are expanding air service to Nicaragua. The Mexican budget airline Volaris next month will begin offering a new Tijuana-San Salvador-Managua flight three days a week for US$338. The airline is expecting US passengers to use the flight as well. The Spanish airline Iberia announced that it will return to Nicaragua next year with a Madrid-Managua flight also three days a week. Superior Council of Private Enterprises (COSEP) President José Adán Aguerri noted that the Iberia flight (and Volaris as well), will allow passengers an option besides passing through US Customs in Miami. (El Nuevo Diario, Oct. 23)
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